117 25 3209 https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/sanchez_moreno_coa051_af6cb0782f.mp3 7ba0702a5fcf250277e997469cef37f5 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Sifuentes, Mario Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Sánchez Moreno, Manuel Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 73 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Sanchez_Moreno_COA051 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Manuel Sánchez Moreno contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sifuentes, Mario Sánchez Moreno, Manuel Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Manuel Sánchez Moreno https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/ruiz_coa050_929bdece35.mp3 3d95c22b7f27bdf716b691e9d618f492 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Sifuentes, Mario Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Marcos Ruiz Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 75 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Ruiz_COA050 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Marcos Ruiz contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Sifuentes, Mario Ruiz, Marcos Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Marcos Ruiz https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/rosales_coa049_7dfdbcbe77.mp3 f737c666b950cde4289528414b497f00 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Shreibati, Annette Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Juan Rosales Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 25 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rosales_COA049 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Juan Rosales contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shreibati, Annette Rosales, Juan Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Juan Rosales https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/rodriguez_de_moreno_coa048_a89cb484cf.mp3 63ab5edaf030a00062615655a9a787ef Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rodríguez de Moreno, Isabel Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 31 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rodriguez_de_Moreno_COA048 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Isabel Rodríguez de Moreno contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Isabel Rodríguez de Moreno Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Rodríguez de Moreno, Isabel https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/rico_serrano_coa047_8e4e360757.mp3 117a1409b0707b0f68491d83b297454d Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Rico Serrano, Ezequiel Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Rico_Serrano_COA047 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Ezequiel Rico Serrano contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Rico Serrano, Ezequiel Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Ezequiel Rico Serrano https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/reyes_martinez_coa046_8158c60fe7.mp3 4aff21ba230f9baebe7e74c6a0d9ba94 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Reyes Martínez, Gregorio Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 43 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Reyes_Martinez_COA046 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gregorio Reyes Martínez Subject The topic of the resource bracero Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel Reyes Martínez, Gregorio Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Gregorio Reyes Martínez contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/quiroz_ixta_coa045_b8575a150a.mp3 85eb8374a764066e07eab6a36151f996 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Cortez, Veronica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Quiroz Ixta, Gonzalo Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 34 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Quiroz_Ixta_COA045 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Gonzalo Quiroz Ixta contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cortez, Veronica Quiroz Ixta, Gonzalo Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Gonzalo Quiroz Ixta https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/perez_coa044_b8b46ca0e9.mp3 37853ed1c4c1df1c343301ea0d19cb86 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Pérez, José V. Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 58 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Perez_COA044 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José V. Pérez contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel Pérez, José V. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource José V. Pérez https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/perez_hernandez_coa043_4a90dffa8b.mp3 785c335fe1ae2dfb71df9888926687bf Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Pérez Hernández, Juan Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 37 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Perez_Hernandez_COA043 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Juan Pérez Hernández contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Pérez Hernández, Juan Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Juan Pérez Hernández https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/padilla_coa042_bbbc51a90a.mp3 b13021389618b8fd2f35f3167c00fbb3 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Padilla, Juan Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 60 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Padilla_COA042 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Juan Padilla contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel Padilla, Juan Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Juan Padilla https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/nuñez_morales_coa041_97a04ab9dd.mp3 f3493d13f9d8871299b221edf1424576 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Shreibati, Annette Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Nuñez Morales, Vicente Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 23 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nuñez_Morales_COA041 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Vicente Nuñez Morales contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shreibati, Annette Nuñez Morales, Vicente Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Vicente Nuñez Morales https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/nuñez_martinez_coa040_e59e308afb.mp3 de68f1a76d369561985e18fba11d9723 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mena, Violeta Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Nuñez Martínez, Lucio Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 42 minutes Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nuñez_Martinez_COA040 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Lucio Nuñez Martínez contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mena, Violeta Nuñez Martínez, Lucio Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Lucio Nuñez Martínez https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/nuño_coa039_f9f1c26cf5.mp3 6bccfcc1a9006fcf1e448832c774d315 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Shreibati, Annette Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Nuño, Antonio Location The location of the interview. Coachella, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 53:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Nuño_COA039 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Antonio Nuño contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Shreibati, Annette Nuño, Antonio Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Antonio Nuño https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/villarreal_bly019_fd7fe39c98.mp3 d64e13954a973aa24ae3d1db52c6c9be Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Córtez, Verónica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Villarreal, Severiano G. Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50:47 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Villarreal_BLY019 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Severiano G. Villarreal creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Cortez, Veronica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Córtez, Verónica Villarreal, Severiano G. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Severiano Villareal was born on January 8, 1931, in Saguaripa, Sonora, México; his father married twice, and he was one of five brothers; he worked in Yuma, Arizona as an undocumented worker from 1951 to 1954 when his boss helped him become a bracero; he worked with him planting and growing trees until 1961; in 1962 he became a resident of the U.S.; in 1979, he arranged for his family to get residency. Summary of Interview: Mr. Villareal remembers growing up in Saguaripa, Sonora, México; he states that his father worked in agriculture, and after his death, he was had to find work in the U.S.; he recounts that he worked in Yuma, Arizona planting and growing trees as an undocumented worker from 1951 to 1954; in 1954, his boss helped him become a bracero, and he worked for him until 1961; moreover, he recalls that he did not go to contracting centers in México, because he was contracted as a special bracero in San Luis Rio Colorado, Sonora, México through the La Asociación, a group in charge of braceros in El Centro, California; he explains what the process at El Centro was like, how they conducted medical exams, and fumigated them in the nude; furthermore, he states that some braceros got injections; he relates what his life was like on the farm, the work he did, how they were paid, and the treatment he received; additionally, he describes living arrangements, what they cooked, and how they washed their clothes by hand; he also explains that his family lived about thirty minutes away in Sonora, México, so he would return home on weekends; in 1962, he became a resident of the United States, and in 1979, he arranged for his family to get residency as well. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Severiano G. Villarreal https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/torres_beltran_bly018_d4b59ee9da.mp3 4fddbac2873f68ff433a64ba76418192 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Torres Beltrán, Salvador Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 45:30 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Torres_Beltran_BLY018 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Salvador Torres Beltrán creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Torres Beltrán, Salvador Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Salvador Torres Beltrán was born on November 30, 1930, in Cosalá, Sinaloa, México; he was the second of five brothers, and had three sisters; his parents worked in agriculture, and he began helping his father at age five; in 1956, he joined the bracero program, and then returned to it in 1958, because his father was killed; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, spreading seed, and watering until 1962; after leaving the bracero program, he became a resident of the United States and brought his family to California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Torres Beltrán remembers growing up in Cosalá, Sinaloa, México, and working from an early age with his father in agriculture; he recalls how he heard about the bracero program, and what the contracting process was like in Empalme, Sonora, México; in 1956, he joined the bracero program, and then returned to it in 1958, because his father was killed; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, spreading seed, and watering until 1962; furthermore, he describes what life on the farm was like, the work he did, and the pay he received; he explains what his living arrangements were like, the furniture they had, and the good food they received; moreover, he relates what they did for recreation, and how they worked everyday, except Sundays; he remembers a time when he won a car in a raffle held by a bracero who was returning for México, and how he sold it because he did not know how to drive; additionally, he states that he did not send money to his wife, but that she borrowed money from a group of women who ran a store in his home town, and then he would settle the debt; in 1962, he became a resident of the United States, and he brought his family over to California. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Salvador Torres Beltrán https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/tapia_bly017_6f82ca215c.mp3 edde7e8bcb29f3a2fd674c047580312a Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Córtez, Veronica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Tapia, Amadeo Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 48:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Tapia_BLY017 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Amadeo Tapia creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Cortez, Veronica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Córtez, Verónica Tapia, Amadeo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Amadeo Tapia was born in Sahuaripa, Sonora, México; he is the youngest of eight siblings; his father worked in agriculture, and was also a civil judge; he had formal schooling until the fifth grade; in 1958, he became a bracero, and worked in Arizona and California picking beets, cotton, lemons, lettuce, onions, and tomatoes; he worked as a bracero until 1962; he became a resident of the United States after leaving the program, and became a U.S. citizen in 1991. Summary of Interview: Mr. Tapia remembers growing up in Sahuaripa, Sonora, México, and his father’s work as a civil judge; he went to school until the fifth grade; in 1958, he joined the bracero program and worked in Arizona and California picking beets, cotton, lemons, lettuce, onions, and tomatoes, until 1962; he recounts how he joined the program in 1958 and 1959 through a government list, and how for the next two contracts he had to pick cotton to acquire them; he describes what the contracting process was like in Empalme, Sonora, México, the medical exams they got, and the embarrassment of having to be nude in front of thousands of people; moreover, he relates the hardship of traveling to the border in freight trains, the process at El Centro, California, the way they were fumigated, and how they were assigned to farms; he explains what his living conditions were, and the food they ate; furthermore, he states how he was paid, the quantity he got, and the difference in pay from state to state; he also describes what they did for entertainment; additionally, he recounts how he became a resident of the U.S. in 1962, and then a citizen in 1991; he remembers his time as a bracero with pride. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Amadeo Tapia https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/sanchez_bly016_f1531180d7.mp3 7505b72760fcf0db93f7c54ce6aa097c Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Cortez, Veronica Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Sánchez, José Baltazar Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 33:06 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Sanchez_BLY016 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José Baltazar Sánchez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Cortez, Veronica contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Cortez, Veronica Sánchez, José Baltazar Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Baltazar Sánchez was born in San Miguel Epeja, Michoacán, México, on April 8, 1926; his parents worked in agriculture and masonry; he had twelve siblings; at age 13, he left home and worked throughout México in agriculture; he joined the bracero program in 1953, and worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, lettuce, and melons; his last year as a bracero was in 1963; he returned to the United States when amnesty was offered, and is now a resident of the country. Summary of Interview: Mr. Sánchez remembers growing up in San Miguel Epeja, Michoacán, México, and leaving home when he was thirteen years old because his father was very rough; he recalls working in agriculture throughout México; in 1953, he recounts how he was contracted in Gómez Palacio, Durango, México, the process he went through, and his trip to the border; furthermore, he describes crossing into the United States, and the medical exams he endured; he worked in Arizona and California picking cotton, lettuce, and melons; his last year as a bracero was in 1963; moreover, he states what the housing they received was like, what food they were given, and the work that they did; he relates what they did for entertainment, and a time when policemen went to the farm to search for women that had been taken to a dance by braceros; additionally, he explains how he was paid, and how he renewed his contracts by picking cotton in México and getting contracted again in Empalme, Sonora, México; he states that he became a resident when amnesty was offered, and concludes by stating that he feels good about having been a bracero, because it allowed him to put food on the table. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource José Baltazar Sánchez https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/murillo_almaraz_bly015_ffdeebc725.mp3 43d6ec9df3ba09fe3af6e0dde12bb0bd Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Murillo Almaráz, Francisco Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 45:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Murillo_Almaraz_BLY015 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Francisco Murillo Almaráz contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Francisco Murrillo Almaráz was born in Tabasco, Zacatecas, México; he never attended formal schooling, and began working in agriculture at an early age; he was the only boy among three siblings; in 1942, he was contracted as a bracero in Mexico City, México; he worked in Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington; there he picked apples, beets, lemons, oranges, and peaches and also cut lettuce; he worked in the United States for fifty-seven years, and has never become a U.S. citizen. Summary of Interview: Mr. Murrillo Almaráz remembers growing up in Tabasco, Zacatecas, México and working from an early age in agriculture; he states that he never had formal schooling; in 1942, he explains that he was contracted as a bracero in Mexico City, México; he details that many people, in 1942, did not want to join the bracero program because they were worried that they might be sent to the war; moreover, he worked in Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington; there he picked apples, beets, lemons, oranges, and peaches and also cut lettuce; he recalls the contracting process, his trip to the border, the medical exams they endured, and crossing into the U.S.; he describes what daily life was like on the farms, the living conditions they had, the pay they received, and the food they ate; furthermore, he relates what braceros did for recreation; he says that he worked in the United States for over fifty-seven years, and that in that time he never wanted to become a U.S. citizen. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Francisco Murillo Almaráz Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo Almaráz, Francisco https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/magaña_bly014_f42fe8914b.mp3 baab46258e0fe4750777282e143afab7 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Magaña, José Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini Disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 38:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Magaña_BLY014 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José Magaña creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Murillo, Grisel contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel Magaña, José Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Magaña was born in 1963, in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México; his father was a bracero from 1956 to 1960; in 1976, his father arranged for his family to move to the United States as residents; his father worked in California cutting lettuce; he worked picking lemons and oranges in the United Farm Workers Union. Summary of Interview: Mr. Magaña remembers growing up in Hierbabuena, Michoacán, México; he is oldest sibling in his family, and remembers how hard it was to grow up poor in a ranch in México; he recalls that his father was a bracero from 1956 to 1960, and worked in California cutting lettuce; furthermore, he recounts the memories his father shared with him about the bracero program; he highlights the hardships his father endured, and how his father refused to work in United States again after returning to México, because of the bad treatment he received; moreover; he describes how his father arranged for his family to acquired residency papers in 1976, and how they moved to California; he states that they suffered extreme poverty after moving to the U.S., and that they lived on ranches and in deteriorated housing; additionally, he explains that he worked picking lemons and oranges in California and Florida while being in the United Farm Workers Union; he concludes by stating that his father’s experience in the bracero program had negative and positive aspects to it. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Son of a bracero Title A name given to the resource José Magaña https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/lopez_bly013_7dd28b786e.mp3 d8315e2c9340162820f4af3ef2995a21 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Murillo, Grisel Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. López, Rodolfo Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:00:22 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lopez_BLY013 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Rodolfo López creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Murillo, Grisel contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Murillo, Grisel López, Rodolfo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Rodolfo López was born on November 17, 1937, in Angamacutiro, Michoacán, México; he began working in agriculture at an early age; after his military service, he joined the bracero program in 1957; he worked in California picking cotton and driving tractors; in 1960, he became a U.S. resident. Summary of Interview: Mr. López remembers his childhood growing up in Angamacutiro, Michoacán, México; he completed five years of formal schooling, and worked in agriculture at an early age; furthermore, after completing his military service, he joined the bracero program in 1957; he worked in California picking cotton and driving tractors; he describes the contracting process in Empalme, Sonora, México, the trip to the border he endured in a freight train, and the fumigation and medical exams he went through at El Centro, California, México; moreover, he recounts the names of different farms in Blythe, California, as well as how his life there was; he discusses the housing they had, the food they ate, and the daily work they did; additionally, he expresses what they were paid, and the treatment he got from foremen; he also relates what things they did for recreation, and how he kept in contact with his family; in 1960, he became a U.S. resident; he concludes by stating that he feels the bracero experience was a positive one. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Rodolfo López https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/lopez_leon_bly012_d763dd5a20.mp3 91b86796e9f65973c6b76020a45a4ce5 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Mena, Violeta Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. López León, Asterio Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:08:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lopez_Leon_BLY012 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Asterio López León creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Mena, Violeta contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Mena, Violeta López León, Asterio Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Asterio López León was born on October 27, 1927, in Palmar de Sepúlvedas, Sinaloa, México; he is the oldest of eleven siblings; his parents worked in agriculture, and he began working with them from an early age; he completed formal schooling until the third grade; in 1950, he joined the bracero program, and worked as a bracero on and off until 1962; he worked in California picking cotton, grapefruit, and oranges. Summary of Interview: Mr. López León remembers growing up in Palmar de Sepúlvedas, Sinaloa, México; he discusses how he started working in agriculture at an early age, and how he was able to get formal school until the third grade; furthermore, he recalls how he heard about the bracero program, how he got his first contract after being an undocumented worker in Blythe, California, and how his boss there helped him acquire the contract; he explains how contracting occurred in Empalme, Sonora, México, how potential braceros waited sometimes for months to get contracted, and how he paid coyotes to get on the list for contracts; additionally, he states what the trip to the border was like, how the processing center in El Centro, California worked, and the medical exams he went through; he recounts that he was able to avoid fumigation by stating to the person conducting it that he did not want to get his suit dirty and that he would just leave; he states that the fumigator let him through without fumigating; in 1950, he joined the bracero program, and worked as a bracero on and off until 1962; he worked in California picking cotton, grapefruit, and oranges; moreover, he relates what daily life was like on the farms, the treatment he received from foremen, and the work he did. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Asterio López León https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/gonzalez_bly011_b0801bbae3.mp3 69411cc2b980e29f4713f76437f4bd68 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Navarro, Kristine Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. González, Susan Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Gonzalez_BLY011 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Susan González creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Navarro, Kristine contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Navarro, Kristine González, Susan Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Susan Gonzalez was born in Miami, Arizona; at age twelve she moved to Ripley, California to take care of her younger brother while her mother operated the restaurant she owned, “La Flor del Valle”; she worked as a waitress there, and also washed and ironed for local Braceros; at sixteen, she was raped by, became pregnant by, and married a Bracero named Frederico Velez; she helped him immigrate to the United States, was married to him for twenty years, and had six children; in 1957, she bought her mother’s restaurant; she also worked for the Riverside County Health Department as a nurse’s aide for thirty years; Mr. Velez was born in Hermosillo, Mexico, and worked as a Bracero for two years from 1955 to 1957. Summary of Interview: Ms. Gonzalez discusses the lives of the Braceros in Ripley, California; she recounts what items they bought at the clothing, grocery and hardware stores, the conditions of their barracks, the poor quality food they ate at the camps, and the low wages they received; furthermore, she expresses that the hardest aspect of Braceros’ lives was being unable to see their families; she also mentions that many single Braceros hired prostitutes, and married women from town; she discusses her life after moving to Ripley, California with her mother when she was twelve; she notes her impressions of Braceros from when she was a waitress at her mother’s restaurant, as their laundress, and as a nurses’ aide; moreover, she describes how she met her ex-husband and their marriage; she characterizes him, a Bracero for two years, as abusive but hardworking and a good provider; additionally, she describes the poverty she suffered, as well as the discrimination Mexicans faced, though she does not believe Braceros were mistreated by the Mexican Americans; finally, she states that the Bracero Program enabled the local economy to flourish. Language A language of the resource eng Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Wife of a bracero Title A name given to the resource Susan González Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Garnica, Esther Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:09:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garnica_BLY010 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Esther Garnica creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Garnica, Esther Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Garnica was born July 4, 1929, in Tasco, Guerrero, México, and Esther Garnica was born on August 23, 1934 in Villa Corona, Jalisco, México; Esther came from a family with eight siblings, while Jesús was the oldest of three; Esther’s father was a bracero; they met in Mexicali while Jesús was a bracero in the Imperial Valley, California; in 1959, they moved to Blythe, California after getting their residency papers; they stayed in the U.S. with their nine children, and Esther became a U.S. citizen in 1990. Summary of Interview: Mr. and Mrs. Garnica remember their childhood and how they moved to Mexicali; they recall their courtship, wedding, and their life while Jesús worked as a bracero; furthermore, they recount how he was hired as a special contract in Calexico, how he didn’t have to travel to Empalme or go through the fumigation process, and how he worked with the same company; they describe how braceros were fumigated out in the open where everyone could see, and how people laughed because they did not know what was going on; moreover, Jesús relates a time when he was treated badly by a foreman for being a special contract, and how he and other special contract braceros were sent away from the farm; he continues to state that he contacted the Mexican consulate and that at first they did not believe them, but eventually they helped and sent the braceros to a different farm; they express how they moved to Blythe, California after becoming residents, what life was like on the ranches there, how braceros work alongside undocumented workers and Filipinos; to conclude, they state that life in the bracero program was very hard and full of hardships, but that they are glad they were able to better their lives. Language A language of the resource spa Relation A related resource Jesús Garnica Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Title A name given to the resource Esther Garnica https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/garnica_bly010_27f79488c9.mp3 e98d5cc3c47d06e80f3b9b4532e5551e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Garnica, Jesús Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:09:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garnica_BLY010 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesús Garnica creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Garnica, Jesús Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Jesús Garnica was born July 4, 1929, in Tasco, Guerrero, México, and Esther Garnica was born on August 23, 1934 in Villa Corona, Jalisco, México; Esther came from a family with eight siblings, while Jesús was the oldest of three; Esther’s father was a bracero; they met in Mexicali while Jesús was a bracero in the Imperial Valley, California; in 1959, they moved to Blythe, California after getting their residency papers; they stayed in the U.S. with their nine children, and Esther became a U.S. citizen in 1990. Summary of Interview: Mr. and Mrs. Garnica remember their childhood and how they moved to Mexicali; they recall their courtship, wedding, and their life while Jesús worked as a bracero; furthermore, they recount how he was hired as a special contract in Calexico, how he didn’t have to travel to Empalme or go through the fumigation process, and how he worked with the same company; they describe how braceros were fumigated out in the open where everyone could see, and how people laughed because they did not know what was going on; moreover, Jesús relates a time when he was treated badly by a foreman for being a special contract, and how he and other special contract braceros were sent away from the farm; he continues to state that he contacted the Mexican consulate and that at first they did not believe them, but eventually they helped and sent the braceros to a different farm; they express how they moved to Blythe, California after becoming residents, what life was like on the ranches there, how braceros work alongside undocumented workers and Filipinos; to conclude, they state that life in the bracero program was very hard and full of hardships, but that they are glad they were able to better their lives. Language A language of the resource spa Relation A related resource Esther Garnica Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Jesús Garnica https://www.braceroarchive.org/es/files/original/garcia_bly009_ec0d7290be.mp3 8f9683b4eefd8407321c332d3a6c34d2 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Acosta, Anais Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. García, Pedro Location The location of the interview. Blythe, CA Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini DIsc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 30:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garcia_BLY009 subject (Spanish) Bracero Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Pedro García creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Acosta, Anais contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal A. Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acosta, Anais García, Pedro Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-22 Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Pedro García was born on May 4, 1932 in Cederal, San Luis Potosí, México; he was one of eleven siblings; his father worked in agriculture, but died when he was seven yeas old; his mother is still alive at 104 years old; as a child, he took care of animals in a ranch; he never had formal schooling; in 1944, he left home and went to Texas to pick carrots and cotton; he stayed in the United States as an undocumented worker, and later acquired his papers and worked in mining. Summary of Interview: Mr. García remembers growing up in Cederal, San Luis Potosí, México, and what his life was like as a child; he recalls wanting to leave home in 1944 and traveling to Texas to work picking carrots and cotton; furthermore, he recounts working as an undocumented worker in Arizona, California, New Mexico and Texas; he states that he traveled to Blythe, California and that he couldn’t find work because all the jobs were filled by braceros; he describes trying to become a bracero, but being harassed and forced to leave while waiting in line; moreover, he expresses that braceros received better treatment from foremen and bosses; he tells of a time when a boss attempted to pay him less because the boss thought he was an undocumented worker, but by this time he had his papers and was able to secure a fair pay; he discusses some stories that braceros told him about the program, and then relates that he left México because the pay was much better in the U.S.; he concludes by saying that he misses México, but that he has made his life in the U.S with his wife and eleven children. Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource Bracero Title A name given to the resource Pedro García