101 25 3209 https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/martinez_az039_4b779e9229.mp3 32cef201d0e462bad1edbf3c1403d287 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Navarro, Kristine Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Martinez, Rebecca Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 15:05 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Martinez_AZ039 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Rebecca Martinez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Acosta, Anais contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acosta, Anais Martinez, Rebecca Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Rebecca Martinez https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/madrid_az038_d94859bc98.mp3 3afb6e50f9bc0ae1f27c4fe75f62ec9e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Acosta, Anais Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Cuauhtémoc Z. Madrid Location The location of the interview. Tucson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 46:50 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Madrid_AZ038 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Cuauhtémoc Z. Madrid Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Cuauhtémoc Z. Madrid was born December 11, 1929, in Sonora México; he had eleven siblings; his mother was a housewife, and his father worked in copper, silver and gold mines; by the time Cuauhtémoc was eight years old, he was working odd jobs wherever he could find them; he was formally educated only through the sixth grade, because there were no secondary schools; as a young man, he enlisted in the bracero program and labored in the fields of Arizona for four months. Summary of Interview: Mr. Madrid talks about his hometown and what his life was like growing up; when he went to the center to enlist, contracts were suspended after ten days, and no one knew why; even so, he and others continued to wait; they held on to the belt loops of the people in front of and behind them so no one would get in line in front of them; while waiting, he climbed a tree, picked dates and gave them to the men that did not have food; when contracts resumed, he could not pass, because his papers were not signed; the men he helped feed argued on his behalf, and he was allowed to pass; he was stripped and examined, which was embarrassing, because there were women present; upon crossing into the United States, he was deloused and so were his luggage and clothing; as a bracero, he completed one contract and labored in the fields of Arizona for four months; he goes on to detail the camp size, living conditions, provisions, duties, payments, deductions, remittances, treatment, friendships, correspondence and recreational activities, including trips into town; when he arrived at the camp, it was in very poor condition; there was very little drinking water and nothing but tents; it rained, and all of his belongings were ruined; he could not replace them, because he did not have any money; he also talks about receiving a telegram from his family telling him to come home, because his father was very ill; his boss did not believe him and was reluctant to let him go; when he left his boss told him not to return, because by then it would be too late for any good pickings; although his father eventually recovered, he decided not to return as a bracero. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acosta, Anais Madrid, Cuauhtémoc Z. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-05 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Cuauhtémoc Z. Madrid creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Acosta, Anais Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/machado_az037_44fec003a3.mp3 8b52765279cb72b7f96f0d419417f815 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Valles, Alejandra Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Machado, Venustiano Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 52:05 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Machado_AZ037 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Venustiano Machado Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Venustiano Machado was born December 30, 1931, in Sinaloa, México; he had eight siblings, six sisters, all of whom were older, and two brothers; when he was six years old, his father died; shortly thereafter, he began working to help support his family; consequently, he was never formally educated; his mother sold food and various other goods as well; by the time he was fifteen, he was working in the United States; later, during the early 1950s, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Santa Ana, California, picking asparagus, green beans, strawberries and tomatoes; he immigrated to the United States, where he eventually married and raised a family of four. Summary of Interview: Mr. Machado talks about his family and the death of his father when he was a boy; by the time he was fifteen, he was working in the United States; during the early 1950s, he put himself on the list of available workers in Sinaloa, México; he describes the necessary requirements and process he underwent; moreover, he explains that he had to pay ten pesos for someone to fill out the papers, because he was illiterate; once he crossed into the United States, he was stripped and medically examined; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Santa Ana, California, picking asparagus, green beans, strawberries and tomatoes; he goes on to detail camp sizes, housing, accommodations, living conditions, provisions, duties, routines, payments, deductions, remittances, contract lengths and renewals, friendships, correspondence and recreational activities, including trips into town; furthermore, he chronicles having to work seven days a week, thirteen to fourteen hours a day, when picking asparagus and strawberries so they would not spoil; despite the grueling work, he stayed with the same employer for seven years under the program and for an additional three years after obtaining his visa; he eventually married and raised a family of four; upon final reflection, he is proud to have been a bracero, because it changed his life and gave him more opportunities. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Valles, Alejandra Machado, Venustiano Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Venustiano Machado creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Valles, Alejandra Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/lopez_az036_402607e57a.mp3 2e142f57212c1ff7d5ec503a24ef94f3 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Borges, Cristobal Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Lopez, Alfredo Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 44:14 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lopez_AZ036 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alfredo Lopez Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alfredo López was born April 15, 1939, in Guasave, Sinaloa, México; he had eleven siblings; by the time he was thirteen years old, he left home to work; in 1958, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Arizona and California cleaning, pruning, picking and packing cotton, lemon, lettuce, tomato and other citrus crops; during the early 1960s, he returned to México between contracts and married; when the program ended, he stayed in California, and he eventually obtained permanent legal status in 1968. Summary of Interview: Mr. López talks about his decision to enlist in the bracero program in 1958; in addition, he describes the process he went through to get the necessary paperwork before traveling to the contracting center in Empalme, Sonora, México; he estimates that there were between fifteen and twenty thousand men processed daily; they were organized by lists according to states; from there he was transported to Calexico, California, where he was medically examined and deloused; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Arizona and California cleaning, pruning, picking and packing cotton, lemon, lettuce, tomato and other citrus crops; he also goes on to detail the various worksites, camp sizes, housing, accommodations, living conditions, provisions, duties, treatment, payments, remittances, contract lengths and renewals, friendships and recreational activities, including trips into town; moreover, he explains that most men wanted to work in the northern states, because they would be paid by contract, whereas the southern states, including California and Arizona, paid by the hour, which meant less money; he also recalls fighting with several foremen, because he did not allow them to mistreat him; consequently, he often moved around to different camps; during the early 1960s, he returned to México between contracts and married; later, when the program ended, he stayed in California, but he returned to México every six months to a year; he eventually obtained permanent legal status in 1968. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Borges, Cristóbal Lopez, Alfredo Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Alfredo Lopez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Borges, Cristóbal Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/leyva_az035_3071001460.mp3 48cb99269cda8cdcc0c740a18649c721 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Leyva, Jose Location The location of the interview. Goodyear, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 50:30 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Leyva_AZ035 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Jose Leyva Subject The topic of the resource living in a bracero camp Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: José Leyva was born in 1952, in Phoenix, Arizona; he grew up in Litchfield Park, which was a camp for migrant farm workers and braceros; his grandfather was the foreman, and his grandmother, mother and aunts helped maintain the camp as well; when José was ten years old, the family moved to San Diego, California. Summary of Interview: Mr. Leyva talks about his family and growing up in Litchfield Park, which was a camp for migrant farm workers and braceros; he explains that five groups of camps were established in 1918 by Goodyear Farms, and they transported Mexican, Mexican-American and a few African-American workers to the camps; as men permanently settled in the area, the cities of Avondale, Peoria and Tolleson began to take shape; José’s grandfather was the foreman, and his grandmother, mother and aunts helped maintain the camp as well; his grandfather even won an award for getting the most cotton per acre of any ranch in the entire area; his prize was a brand-new 1957 Chevy truck; he insisted that because he treated the braceros like family, they were willing to work hard for him; the women in the family were up at 4:00 AM to make breakfast for the braceros, and they also made lunch and dinner; in addition, they washed and ironed for extra money; the braceros lived in dissolved army barracks, which were separated from where José and his family lived; even so, there was no distinction between the migrant workers and the braceros; when the women were not cooking, they were out in the fields picking with the men; oftentimes, they took the children with them; José remembers using old bean or flour sacks to help them with the picking and going with his grandfather to irrigate crops; moreover, he relates several anecdotes about his experiences in the camp with the braceros, including playing with them and celebrating weddings, baptisms and holidays together; when José was ten years old, the family moved to San Diego, California; he credits growing up in the Mexican community of the camps for his deep appreciation of his culture and language. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Leyva, Jose Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-11 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jose Leyva creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Carrillo, Alma Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/lechuga_az034_1e1571c7c8.mp3 2a97a45570d1ba4a7ae2de1e4426ddad Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Méndez, Ivonne Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Lechuga, Pedro L. Location The location of the interview. Phoenix, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 34:31 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Lechuga_AZ034 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pedro L. Lechuga Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Pedro L. Lechuga was born May 19, 1933, in Namiquipa, Chihuahua, México; he had six siblings, three of whom passed away; his parents were agriculturalists; he was formally educated through the sixth grade; in 1952, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico and Texas cleaning, pruning and picking beets, cotton, cucumber and green beans until 1958; he later immigrated to the United States. Summary of Interview: Mr. Lechuga briefly mentions his family; he recalls hearing rumors about men earning a lot of money in the United States; in 1952, he decided to enlist in the bracero program; although his wife was against it, she knew he had to leave; he went through the center in Chihuahua, México, and he describes the necessary documents and medical exams he underwent; when crossing the border in El Paso, Texas, he endured further assessments; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Colorado, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Mexico and Texas cleaning, pruning and picking beets, cotton, cucumber and green beans until 1958; he goes on to detail the various worksites, camp sizes, housing, living conditions, provisions, duties, routines, treatment, payments, contract lengths and renewals, friendships, correspondence and recreational activities; in addition, he explains that while in Minnesota, the men were cheated; they were usually paid by the acre, but they were actually picking much more than that; their measurements showed they picked twenty acres but were only paid for fifteen; they complained and were ultimately able to remedy the situation; he also mentions that working in the beet fields was especially difficult and grueling; in 1958, his last contract took him to Pecos, Texas, where he only stayed for fifteen days, because the conditions were so poor; he later immigrated to the United States; overall, he still has positive memories of the program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Méndez, Ivonne Lechuga, Pedro L. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Pedro L. Lechuga creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Méndez, Ivonne Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/landeros_az033_be3898f488.mp3 a984b41b3e09c0c8346784068b072f0e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Díaz, Alejandra Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Landeros, Selerina Location The location of the interview. Tucson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 46:24 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Landeros_AZ033 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Selerina Landeros Subject The topic of the resource wife of a bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Selerina Landeros was born on ranch in Guanajuato, México, on February 13, 1921; she is the youngest of her twelve siblings; her parents were agriculturalists, and her father was a caretaker for several large ranches; she was formally educated for a year; later, in 1937, she married Dionisio Landeros; he enlisted in the bracero program in 1943; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California picking almonds and oranges until 1945; during that time, they had four children; in 1957, the family immigrated to the United States, and they had four more children, eight in total. Summary of Interview: Mrs. Landeros briefly mentions her family; she describes meeting and marrying her husband, Dionisio Landeros, in 1937; in addition, she talks about the agrarian reform that led to the land distribution in which her father, brothers and husband obtained land; later, in 1943, Dionisio decided to enlist in the bracero program; he initially signed up for the program in León, Guanajuato, México before traveling to Guanajuato, Guanajuato, México to begin the contracting process; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of California picking almonds and oranges until 1945; his first contract took him to Sacramento, California to pick almonds for two and a half years; rather than return to México, he continued to renew his contracts in California; during his second contract, he worked in San Bernardino, California; he wrote letters to Selerina and told her to send their eldest son to school; when she did, her father-in-law kept getting angry and taking him back home; Dionisio even sent him money, but he never gave any to Selerina; in order to survive, she sold goods at a small grocery store on a ranch; she also explains that their land was contracted out by her in-laws when Dionisio was gone; during that time, they had four children, and their eldest was often hit by her father-in-law; in order to avoid problems, Dionisio sent for her, and in 1957, the family immigrated to the United States; they lived in Chicago, Illinois for a time, before finally settling in Arizona; she goes on to describe their life after the program; they went on to have four more children, eight in total. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Díaz, Alejandra Landeros, Selerina Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-06 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Selerina Landeros creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Díaz, Alejandra Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/reyes_az032_8f199a4577.mp3 061dbd0661fdd3203096dc5a61d1df71 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Reyes, María S. Location The location of the interview. Phoenix, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 37:01 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Reyes_AZ032 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource María S. Reyes Subject The topic of the resource daughter of a bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: María Soledad Reyes was born July 26, 1955, in Pajacuarán, Michoacán, México; her mother was a housewife, and her father worked in agriculture, sowing beans, corn and wheat; he came to the United States for a brief time, and he worked without proper documentation; later, when María was still a baby, he enlisted in the bracero program; after his time with the program, the family moved to Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México; María eventually married and immigrated to the United States; she and her husband settled in Arizona to raise their family. Summary of Interview: Ms. Reyes talks about her family and growing up in her half brother’s home; she was raised with several half siblings, and her mother cared for all of them; when María was still a baby, her father enlisted in the bracero program; while he was gone her mother sold tortillas and worked as a seamstress to supplement their income; María also recalls her day-to-day life with her mother and grandfather; upon her father’s return, he brought his wife and daughters undergarments from the United States, but his wife did not like them; he also bought a lot of groceries once in México to take home to his family; oftentimes, he shared stories with María about his experiences; he told her about the time he came looking for work in the United States and nearly died, because he was lost in the desert for three days; after he obtained a bracero contract, he suffered greatly when he was stripped and deloused like an animal; despite what he endured, he was still fond of several American customs; for instance, he preferred for his wife and daughters to wear pants instead of dresses; in addition, he frequently cooked at home and even showed his wife how to make flour tortillas; when he spoke in English, María thought he was a very important, intelligent and modern man; after his time with the program, the family moved to Los Mochis, Sinaloa, México, where she was formally educated; María eventually married and immigrated to the United States; she and her husband settled in Arizona to raise their family. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Reyes, María S. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-10 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. María S. Reyes creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/herrera_ortega_az031_d12fdc6e90.mp3 7301fb1b719093f265f1213f10f0ca7c Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Díaz, Alejandra Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Isidro Herrera Ortega Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 22:49 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Herrera_Ortega_AZ031 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Isidro Herrera Ortega Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Isidro Herrera Ortega was born in Zacatecas, México, in 1934; he was the oldest of his three siblings; his parents were seasonal agriculturalists, and they planted beans and corn; when he was eight years old, he began helping his parents work the land and care for animals; he was formally educated through the third grade; his father and some of his uncles enlisted in the bracero program, and in 1955, Isidro also joined; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Arizona and California cleaning, pruning, watering, picking and packing grapes, lettuce and tomatoes. Summary of Interview: Mr. Herrera talks about his hometown and working in agriculture and with livestock while growing up; he knew about the bracero program when it first started in the early 1940s; a number of men joined and returned, including his father and some of his uncles; Isidro decided to follow in their footsteps and enlisted in 1955 with the hopes of having a better life; to begin the contracting process, he traveled by bus to Irapuato, Guanajuato, México; later, he also went through the center in Empalme, Sonora, México; the center in Irapuato was situated on an old military camp, and it held between thirty and forty thousand people at a time; he also describes the medical exams and required documents; some men were on lists of available workers by municipalities, while others were not and relied solely on the people they knew at the center in order to go through; Isidro waited four months to obtain a contract; from there he was transported by bus to Mexicali, Baja California, México; once he crossed the border, he was examined again; as a bracero, he labored in the fields of Arizona and California cleaning, pruning, watering, picking and packing grapes, lettuce and tomatoes; he also goes on to detail the various worksites, housing, accommodations, living conditions, provisions, duties, routines, treatment, payments, deductions, correspondence and contract lengths and renewals; moreover, he mentions an accident in which a bus crashed and killed roughly fifteen braceros. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Díaz, Alejandra Herrera Ortega, Isidro Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Isidro Herrera Ortega creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Díaz, Alejandra Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/hernandez_az030_9f6d644f31.mp3 f152eb27c74e26d4606e538fe1acb459 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Camacho, Hugo Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Hernandez, Alejandro Location The location of the interview. Phoenix, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:13:43 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Hernandez_AZ030 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Alejandro Hernandez Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Alejandro Hernández was born July 10, 1927, in Durango, México; he was the first born of his four siblings; in 1936, when he was nine years old, his father died; as the eldest, he began working by helping care for livestock, in order to help support his family; consequently, he was formally educated only through the second grade; by the time he was eleven years old, he was working in the fields picking cotton; in 1950, he enlisted in the bracero program; as a bracero, he labored in the alfalfa and cotton fields of Las Cruces, New Mexico, cleaning, pruning, watering and picking for ten years; in 1954, he married a woman he met in El Paso, Texas; they had three boys while he was a bracero, and later they had two more boys and three girls, eight children in total. Summary of Interview: Mr. Hernández talks about his family and how much he suffered growing up; he initially learned about the bracero program through the radio; in 1950, he and a friend went to Chihuahua, México to earn money picking cotton; from there they went to the contracting center in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México, which was situated in an abandoned racetrack; among the thousands waiting, they found some friends that were already on a list of workers; two men from the list were missing and they easily took their place; Alejandro describes crossing into El Paso, Texas, where he was stripped, examined and deloused; from there he was transported in trailers used for animals to Las Cruces, New Mexico; as a bracero, he labored in the alfalfa and cotton fields of Las Cruces, cleaning, pruning, watering and picking for ten years; he goes on to detail housing, accommodations, living conditions, duties, routines, payments, deductions, remittances, treatment, contract lengths and renewals, friendships, working relationships and recreational activities, including trips into town; in addition, he recounts several anecdotes about his experiences; moreover, he talks about the woman he met in El Paso, Texas and visited every week until they finally married in 1954; they had three boys while he was a bracero, and later they had two more boys and three girls, eight children in total. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Camacho, Hugo Hernandez, Alejandro Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Alejandro Hernandez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Camacho, Hugo Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/gonzalez_gallardo_az028_4eb3726928.mp3 d31caa24cff339231bbd3047eae18691 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Kalashnikova, Marina Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Gonzalez Gallardo, Francisco Location The location of the interview. Tucson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:04:22 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Gonzalez_Gallardo_AZ028 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Francisco Gonzalez Gallardo Subject The topic of the resource bracero Description An account of the resource Biographical Synopsis of Interviewee: Francisco Gallardo González was born January 1, 1933, in Atil, Sonora, México; he was the first born of his six siblings; his father was a bricklayer, and he also worked his own land, planting corn, cotton and wheat; Francisco was also formally educated through the sixth grade; in 1954, he worked in the United States, and he was ultimately able to acquire a bracero contract through 1956; he labored in the alfalfa fields and orange orchards of California; in 1958, he obtained legal status, and he settled in Tucson, Arizona; two years later, in 1960, he married; he and his wife had six children, five boys and one girl. Summary of Interview: Mr. Gallardo talks about his family and hometown; in 1954, he came to the United States and worked without proper documentation in Holtville, California; his boss took him to El Centro, California to obtain a contract with the bracero program; he explains what he went through, including medical exams and delousing procedures, before returning to work in Holtville; after his contract ended, he returned to México and went through the contracting process in Empalme, Sonora, México, which was much more difficult, due to the requirements and long waiting times; as a bracero, he labored in the alfalfa fields and orange orchards of California; he goes on to detail camp sizes, housing, accommodations, living conditions, provisions, duties, routines, treatment, contract lengths and renewals, payments and remittances; moreover, he mentions the various jobs the men completed, including driving tractors and irrigating crops; they earned between $1.00 and $1.75 an hour, which at the time, was a lot of money; oftentimes, they were bitten by snakes while working and cured themselves; on one occasion Francisco was involved in a fist fight with another bracero; later, in 1958, he obtained legal status, and he settled in Tucson, Arizona; two years later, in 1960, he married; he and his wife went on to have six children, five boys and one girl; overall, he is proud to have been a bracero and has positive memories of the program. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kalashnikova, Marina Gonzalez Gallardo, Francisco Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-04 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Language A language of the resource spa Contribution Form The set of elements containing metadata from the Contribution form. Online Submission Indicates whether or not this Item has been contributed from a front-end contribution form. No Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Francisco Gonzalez Gallardo creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Kalashnikova, Marina Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/garcia_estrada_az027_e3ad21bde0.mp3 ba2338d7e6fefb38356dbb49be78b8a6 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Borges, Cristóbal Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. García Estrada, Jesus Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 42:22 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Garcia_Estrada_AZ027 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesus García Estrada creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Borges, Cristóbal contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Borges, Cristóbal García Estrada, Jesus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Jesus García Estrada https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/gallegos_az026_929b7b7a82.mp3 be600e763121708f8b0473023e4bc1ca Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Garza, Jose Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Gallegos, Jesus Location The location of the interview. Phoenix, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 40:49 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Gallegos_AZ026 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesus Gallegos creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Garza, José contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Garza, José Gallegos, Jesus Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Jesus Gallegos https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/flores_az025_95b112b561.mp3 dfcd9bdf0cad03941c696aa8c31f52f3 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Díaz, Alejandra Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Flores, Pablo C. Location The location of the interview. Tucson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 45:33 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Flores_AZ025 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Pablo C. Flores creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Díaz, Alejandra contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Díaz, Alejandra Flores, Pablo C. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-05 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Pablo C. Flores https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/espinoza_az024_80351d7ce7.mp3 a1b1a79440b58b7cd0593ee91bf04f55 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Valles, Alejandra Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Espinoza, Jose M. Location The location of the interview. Phoenix, Arizona Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 42:58 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Espinoza_AZ024 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jose M. Espinoza creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Valles, Alejandra contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Valles, Alejandra Espinoza, Jose M. Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Jose M. Espinoza https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/enriquez_az023_586d625a31.mp3 f3e094fe98ddd8f41c3840571f42f371 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Acosta, Anais Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Enriquez, Eberto Location The location of the interview. Douglas, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 44:54 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Enriquez_AZ023 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Eberto Enriquez creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Acosta, Anais contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Acosta, Anais Enriquez, Eberto Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-04 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Eberto Enriquez https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/popoca_az022_3d4dc2e2f6.mp3 dc660eb9943eef5d500bebef3a6e78b0 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Popoca, Victoría Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:34:05 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Popoca_AZ022 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Victoría Popoca creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Carrillo, Alma contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Popoca, Victoría Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Popoca, Victoría https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/duque_az022_e34ad92041.mp3 dc660eb9943eef5d500bebef3a6e78b0 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Duque, Librado Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:34:05 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Duque_AZ022 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Librado Duque creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Carrillo, Alma contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Duque, Librado Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Librado Duque https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/diaz_az021_a575987df7.mp3 7f11003557a3fe9f8dbff56090c95df7 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Navarro, Kristine Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Diaz, René Xavier Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 52:41 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Diaz_AZ021 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. René Xavier Diaz creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Navarro, Kristine contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Navarro, Kristine Diaz, René Xavier Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource René Xavier Diaz https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/diaz_az020_6ad2379d55.mp3 f31887938a2e42c645d0530c51b5508e Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Diaz, Raul A. Location The location of the interview. Tolleson, Arizona Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 22:00 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Diaz_AZ020 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Raul A. Diaz creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Cristóbal Borges Rights Holder Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Cristóbal Borges Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2008-01-12 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Raul A. Diaz Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Diaz, Raul A. https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/ayonmaria-backid_3ad95fb6ca.jpg 6516585da6f3763204d1cc2aa76682f3 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 960 Height 684 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 IPTC Array a:0:{} Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Maria Ayon Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data paper File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Ayon, Maria Resolution pixels per inch 300 Electronic Dimensions Digital file dims. in pixels. 684 x 960 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Steve Velasquez Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Maria Ayon US Department of Justice Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2006-05-26 Description An account of the resource Alien Laborer's Identification Card for Vicente Ayon Luna. Language A language of the resource eng Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available UTEP Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource UTEP Source A related resource from which the described resource is derived San Bernadino Subject The topic of the resource Identification card Title A name given to the resource Mica Back Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Calexico, CA, Jalisco, Mex. Rights Holder Maria Ayon Temporal Coverage 1956-04-05 Ayon Identification Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Zavala, Juvenal Location The location of the interview. Ejido Unumal, Champuton, Campeche Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 35:07 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Zavala_SOFM019 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Juvenal Zavala creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Carrillo, Alma contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Méndez, Ivonne Rights Holder Institute of Oral HIstory, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Méndez, Ivonne Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Zavala, Juvenal Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-12-16 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Juvenal Zavala https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/zavala_zavala_sofm018_309a60d777.mp3 9995ab465cfbff71be99e9b806b46c25 Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Zavala Zavala, Gilberto Location The location of the interview. Villahermosa, Tabasco Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 44:45 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Zavala_Zavala_SOFM018 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Gilberto Zavala Zavala creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Carrillo, Alma contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Méndez, Ivonne Rights Holder Institute of Oral HIstory, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Méndez, Ivonne Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Zavala Zavala, Gilberto Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-12-16 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Gilberto Zavala Zavala Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Loza, Mireya Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Villaseñor Santoyo, Jesús Location The location of the interview. Villahermosa, Tabasco Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 59:32 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Villaseñor_Santoyo_SOFM017 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. Jesús Villaseñor Santoyo creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Loza, Mireya contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Méndez, Ivonne Rights Holder Institute of Oral HIstory, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Méndez, Ivonne Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Loza, Mireya Villaseñor Santoyo, Jesús Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-12-16 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource Jesús Villaseñor Santoyo https://www.braceroarchive.org/files/original/torres_gracian_sofm016_956cba2284.mp3 3ba466c85a9bab40a5207afaf701333a Oral History A resource containing historical information obtained in interviews with persons having firsthand knowledge. Interviewer The person(s) performing the interview. Carrillo, Alma Interviewee The person(s) being interviewed. Torres Gracian, José Location The location of the interview. Ejido Chachoben, Quintana Roo Original Format If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data Mini disc Duration Length of time involved (seconds, minutes, hours, days, class periods, etc.) 1:07:40 Bit Rate/Frequency Rate at which bits are transferred (i.e. 96 kbit/s would be FM quality audio) 24 bit 96 k File Name Identifier The identifier for the sound file. Torres_Gracian_SOFM016 Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. title (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'title' Dublin Core field. José Torres Gracian creator (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'creator' Dublin Core field. Carrillo, Alma contributor (Spanish) Spanish version of the 'contributor' Dublin Core field. Méndez, Ivonne Rights Holder Institute of Oral HIstory, The University of Texas at El Paso Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Contributor An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource Méndez, Ivonne Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Carrillo, Alma Torres Gracian, José Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2007-12-20 Language A language of the resource spa Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Institute of Oral History, The University of Texas at El Paso Subject The topic of the resource bracero Title A name given to the resource José Torres Gracian